MaleLine

Earthenware

2005-04-05T20:11:00.000-07:00

Pottery that has not been fired to the point of vitrification and is thus slightly porous and coarser than stoneware and porcelain. The body can be covered completely or decorated with slip (a liquid clay mixture applied before firing) or it can be glazed. For both practical and decorative reasons, earthenware is usually glazed. To overcome its porosity

Sachs, (ferdinand Gustav) Julius Von

2005-04-05T16:05:00.000-07:00

Sachs became an assistant to the physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkinje at the University of Prague, where he received the Ph.D. in 1856. In 1859 he was appointed

Qabis

2005-04-04T11:04:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Gabès, Latin Tacapa, town, southeastern Tunisia. The town is located at the mouth of the Qabis River, which has its source 6 miles (10 km) upstream at the Ras al-Oued (springs), the town's main water source. Situated on a Mediterranean oasis along the Gulf of Gabes, Qabis was founded as the Roman trading centre of Tacapa. Declining somewhat under Turkish rule, it experienced a modest revival during the

Lennoaceae

2005-04-03T05:11:00.000-07:00

The sand food family, composed of three genera and four to six species of curious, parasitic plants, which send out rootlike structures (haustoria) that penetrate the roots of other plants for food. Once the parasite's haustoria have entered the host roots, the parasite develops its aboveground portions, usually club-shaped, fleshy, yellowish or brownish stems on which

Wells-barnett, Ida Bell

2005-04-02T16:05:00.000-08:00

Ida Wells was the daughter of slaves. She was educated at Rust University, a freedmen's school in her native Holly Springs, Mississippi, and at age 14 began teaching in a country school. She continued to teach after moving to Memphis, Tennessee,

Polo, Marco

2005-04-02T09:53:00.000-08:00

Sometime around 1292 (1290 according to Otagi), a Mongol princess was to be sent to Persia to become the consort of Arghun Khan, and the Polos offered to accompany her. Marco wrote that Kublai had been unwilling to let them go but finally granted permission. They were anxious to leave, in part, because Kublai was nearly 80, and his death (and the consequent change in regime) might have

Qantas Airways Limited

2005-04-01T19:27:00.000-08:00

Australian airline, the oldest in the English-speaking world, founded in 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd. (from which the name Qantas was derived). Its first operations were taxi services and joy flights. By the late 20th century, however, its scheduled air routes extended throughout Australasia and farther termini of San Francisco and Vancouver;

France, History Of, The grandsons of Clovis

2005-04-01T02:01:00.000-08:00

At the death of Chlotar I (561) the Frankish kingdom, which had become the most powerful state in the west, was once again divided, this time between his four sons. The partition agreement, based on that of 511, dealt with more extensive territories. Guntram received the eastern part of the former kingdom of Orléans, enlarged by the addition of Burgundy. Charibert I's share was fashioned

Bahram Ii

2005-03-31T07:52:00.000-08:00

Soon after becoming king, he was forced to defend his position against a brother, Hormizd, viceroy of the eastern provinces. In 283, exploiting Bahram's preoccupations, the Roman emperor Carus invaded Mesopotamia unopposed and entered Ctesiphon, the Sasanian capital. Carus' sudden death, however, forced the Romans

Frederick Ii

2005-03-30T20:14:00.000-08:00

Frederick settled his disputes with the Bohemian followers of Jan Hus, church reformer and condemned heretic, in 1432, and relations were cemented in 1464, when

Interest

2005-03-30T10:26:00.000-08:00

Interest may also be viewed as the income derived from the possession of contractual promises from others to pay sums in the future. The question may be asked, “What is the value today of a promise to pay $100 a year from now?” If the answer is $100, then no interest income is generated.

Madinat Habu

2005-03-29T01:46:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Medinet Habu, southernmost part of the necropolis region of western Thebes in Upper Egypt, although the name often refers specifically to the mortuary temple built there by Ramses III (1187–56 BC). (See Thebes.) This temple, which was also dedicated to the god Amon, was carved with religious scenes and portrayals of Ramses' wars against the Libyans and the Sea Peoples. It was situated within a

Roberts, Sir Charles G(eorge) D(ouglas)

2005-03-28T19:44:00.000-08:00

After graduating

Selayar

2005-03-28T17:03:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Salayar, or Selajar, also called Kabia, largest of an island group off the southwestern tip of Celebes (Sulawesi), constituting Selayar kabupaten (regency), administered from Makasar as part of Sulawesi Selatan provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The other islands are Pasi, Bahuluang, Pulasi, and Tambulongang. The islands are mountainous, but fertile lowlands exist on Selayar and cover 259 square miles (671 square km)

Antanaclasis

2005-03-27T08:40:00.000-08:00

The first use of “sleep” refers to nocturnal rest, the second to death.

Buraq

2005-03-25T04:08:00.000-08:00

In Islamic tradition, a creature said to have transported the Prophet Muhammad to heaven. Described as “a white animal, half-mule, half-donkey, with wings on its sides . . . ,” Buraq was originally introduced into the story of Muhammad's night journey (isra') from Mecca to Jerusalem and back, thus explaining how the journey between the cities could have been completed in a single night.

Gu

2005-03-25T03:17:00.000-08:00

The bronze gu was produced during

Zealand

2005-03-25T02:33:00.000-08:00

Danish Sjælland largest and most populous island of Denmark, between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea, separated from Sweden by The Sound (Øresund) and from Funen (Fyn) island by the Great Belt. Zealand is divided into seven major administrative units: the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg and the amtskommuner (counties) of København, Frederiksborg, Vestsjælland, Roskilde

Accordion

2005-03-24T17:27:00.000-08:00

The advent of the accordion is the subject of debate among researchers. Many credit C. Friedrich L. Buschmann, whose Handäoline was patented in Berlin in 1822, as the

Bloembergen, Nicolaas

2005-03-24T07:45:00.000-08:00

Dutch-born American physicist, corecipient with Arthur Leonard Schawlow of the United States and Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn of Sweden (qq.v.) of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for their revolutionary spectroscopic studies of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Bloembergen made a pioneering use of lasers in these

Mitchell, Mount

2005-03-23T02:46:00.000-08:00

Highest peak in North Carolina and in the United States east of the Mississippi River, reaching an elevation of 6,684 feet (2,037 metres). It is located in Yancey county, in the western part of the state, about 20 miles (30 km) northeast of Asheville in the Black Mountains. The peak, covered with a mantle of hardwoods, pine, spruce, and balsam, is within Mount Mitchell State Park and Pisgah National

Syrian Chant

2005-03-22T22:48:00.000-08:00

Generic term for the vocal music of the various Syrian Christian churches, including Eastern Orthodox churches such as the Jacobites and Nestorians, and the Eastern churches in union with Rome—e.g., the Maronites (mostly in Lebanon) and the Chaldeans, who are dissidents from the Nestorians. To these should be added some branches of nearly all of these groupings in the

Aerospace Industry, Maintenance

2005-03-22T14:10:00.000-08:00

The maintenance support provided by aerospace-industry firms is applied primarily to corporate, commercial, and military aircraft. Light-plane maintenance is generally handled by local fixed-base operators, which are not considered part of the aerospace industrial complex. Launch vehicles and unmanned spacecraft, although maintained throughout their prelaunch

Aligarh

2005-03-22T05:02:00.000-08:00

Also called Koil or Kol city, west-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Delhi. The city itself is usually called Koil, or Kol; Aligarh is the name of a nearby fort. The city is an agricultural trade centre; the processing of agricultural products and manufacturing are also important. Aligarh Muslim University (1875) and its affiliated colleges are located there, as are a

Novial

2005-03-20T20:45:00.000-08:00

Artificial language constructed in 1928 by the Danish philologist Otto Jespersen, intended for use as an international auxiliary language, but little used today. Its grammar is similar in type to that of Esperanto or Ido. Novial has one definite article, no gender for nouns except those denoting persons, noun plurals in -s, forms for a possessive (genitive) and an objective

Abductor Muscle

2005-03-20T07:16:00.000-08:00

Any of the muscles that cause movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body or away from a neighbouring part or limb (compare adductor muscle), as in raising the arms to the side (effected by the deltoideus muscle) or spreading the fingers or toes. In man certain muscles of the hands and feet are named for performing this function. In the hand, the abductor digiti minimi

Devonian Period

2005-03-19T13:59:00.000-08:00

Interval of the Paleozoic Era that follows the Silurian and precedes the Carboniferous. It is thought to have covered the span of time between about 408 and 360 million years ago (see Table). The Devonian is often divided into the Early Devonian Epoch (408 to 387 million years ago), Middle Devonian Epoch (387 to 374 million years ago), and Late Devonian Epoch (374 to 360 million years ago). The rocks that

Claudius

2005-03-19T05:05:00.000-08:00

In full Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , original name (until AD 41) Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus Roman emperor (AD 41–54), who extended Roman rule in North Africa and made Britain a province.

Gath

2005-03-18T08:55:00.000-08:00

The records of Sargon II of Assyria show that he took it in 712 BC. Gath was evidently a place of importance,

China, Nan (Southern) Sung (11271279)

2005-03-18T01:31:00.000-08:00

The Juchen could not extend their conquest beyond the Yangtze River. The Huai River valley, with its winding streams and crisscrossed marshlands, made cavalry operations difficult. Though the invaders penetrated this region and raided several areas below the Yangtze, they found the weather there too warm and humid for them. Moreover, the farther they went, the stronger

Conner, Mount

2005-03-17T16:10:00.000-08:00

Most easterly of central Australia's giant tors, or monoliths, which include Ayers Rock (called Uluru by the region's Aborigines) and the Olga Rocks rising above the desert plain southeast of Lake Amadeus in southwestern Northern Territory. Mount Conner is flat-topped and horseshoe-shaped and reaches to 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level; its lower 500 feet (150 m) are covered by a talus

Southwest National Park

2005-03-17T05:23:00.000-08:00

Marked by rugged terrain and a cold, wet

Production Function

2005-03-16T08:22:00.000-08:00

The production function can

Nacka

2005-03-15T22:23:00.000-08:00

Town in the län (county) of Stockholm, southeastern Sweden, on the Södertörn peninsula of the landskap (province) of Södermanland. A southeastern suburb of Stockholm, it developed into a residential and industrial area with the coming of the railroad in 1893, and in 1949 was incorporated as a town. Leading industries include chemical technology, flour milling, and the manufacture

Spain, Music

2005-03-15T11:23:00.000-08:00

The influence of the past was particularly strong in the field of music. Composers such as Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909), Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Manuel de Falla (1876–1946), and Joaquín Rodrigo (b. 1901) drew heavily on popular and regional music for their inspiration. One by-product of this was the creation of a serious musical repertoire for the guitar. The instrument gained additional stature from the

Hymenium

2005-03-14T19:55:00.000-08:00

A spore-bearing layer of tissue in fungi (division Mycota) found in the classes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. It is formed by end cells of hyphae—the filaments of the vegetative body (thallus).

Platonism

2005-03-14T03:30:00.000-08:00

Since Plato refused to write his own metaphysics, knowledge of its final shape has to be derived from hints in the dialogues and statements by Aristotle and, to a far lesser extent, other ancient authorities. According to these, Plato's doctrine of Forms was, in its general character, highly mathematical, the Forms being somehow identified with, or explained in terms

Lorengau

2005-03-13T06:30:00.000-08:00

Town, northeastern Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea. It lies on Seeadler Harbour. Captured by the Japanese in 1942, the settlement was retaken by Allied forces in 1944 and eventually became part of a large U.S. naval and air base. As a port, the town handles the local copra production. Pop. (1990 prelim.) 4,547.

Forbush Effect

2005-03-13T05:12:00.000-08:00

In astronomy, an occasional decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays as observed on Earth, attributed to magnetic effects produced by solar flares, which are disturbances on the Sun. The effect was discovered in 1937 by the American physicist Scott E. Forbush. Its cause became clearer in 1960, when, while the unmanned U.S. space probe Pioneer 5 was in flight some 5,000,000 km (3,000,000 miles) from Earth,

Gandak River

2005-03-12T14:50:00.000-08:00

Also called Narayani River, river in central Nepal and northern India. It is formed by the union of the Kali and Trisuli rivers, which rise in the Great Himalaya Range in Nepal; from this junction to the Indian border the river is called the Narayani. It flows southwest into India and then turns southeast along the Uttar Pradesh–Bihar state border and across the Gangetic Plain. It enters the Ganges River

Dandruff

2005-03-12T03:50:00.000-08:00

Skin disorder, a form of seborrheic dermatitis (q.v.) that affects the scalp.

Devonian Period

2005-03-11T15:06:00.000-08:00

Environmental Works, Developments in supply systems

2005-03-11T07:22:00.000-08:00

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of cities. In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased

Aumale, Henri-eugène-philippe-louis D'orléans, Duke (duc) D'

2005-03-10T07:29:00.000-08:00

Orléans entered an army career at age 17 and distinguished himself in Algerian campaigns; in 1847 he became lieutenant general and governor of France's African possessions. An exile in England after the

Altair

2005-03-10T05:36:00.000-08:00

Also called Alpha Aquilae one of the 15 brightest stars, the brightest star in the constellation Aquila, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77. Its distance from the Earth is about 16 light-years. It is a hot white star somewhat larger and more massive than the Sun and giving out about 10 times as much light. The name probably derives from Arabic words meaning “the eagle,” applied to the constellation.

Attention

2005-03-09T23:19:00.000-08:00

Attempts to accommodate the selective and intensive aspects of attention and its links with both awareness and more automatic processes have led to the formulation of a number of “two-process” theories of attention. One of the most influential was that advanced by the American psychologists Richard M. Shiffrin and Walter Schneider in 1977 on the basis of experiments

Lophophyllum

2005-03-09T18:32:00.000-08:00

Extinct genus of solitary marine corals found as fossils especially characteristic of the Late Carboniferous epoch (between 320 million and 286 million years ago) in North America. Lophophyllum, included in the horn corals (so named because of the hornlike form of the individual), probably preferred warm, clear, shallow marine waters.

Cosmogony

2005-03-09T01:32:00.000-08:00

In astronomy, study of the evolutionary behaviour of the universe and the origin of its characteristic features. For scientific theories on the unsolved problem of the origin of the solar system, see planetesimal; protoplanet; solar nebula. For an outline of the development of astronomical ideas regarding the structure of the universe, see cosmology; for theories

Hippogriff

2005-03-08T19:39:00.000-08:00

A legendary animal that has the foreparts of a winged griffin and the body and hindquarters of a horse. The creature was invented by Ludovico Ariosto in his Orlando furioso and was based on a proverbial phrase about crossing a griffin with a horse that was used to signify an impossibility or incongruity.

Zagwe Dynasty

2005-03-08T09:22:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Zague, line of 12th- and 13th-century Ethiopian kings who combined a nomadic military life with an impassioned desire to build monuments to their Christian religion. Their tenuous pretensions to succession, based on a legendary marriage to a daughter of one of the last Aksumite kings, the line they deposed, was subsequently confirmed by the church; in return for its support,

Rus

2005-03-07T19:49:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ros ancient people who gave their name to the land of Russia. Their origin and identity are much in dispute. Traditional Western scholars believe them to be Scandinavian Vikings, an offshoot of the Varangians, who moved southward from the Baltic coast and founded the first consolidated state among the eastern Slavs, centring on Kiev. Russian scholars, along with some

Denakil Plain

2005-03-06T19:41:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Danakil, also called Dankali, arid lowland of northern Ethiopia and southeastern Eritrea, bordering Djibouti. It lies at the northern extreme of the Great Rift Valley and the Awash River. Live volcanoes (often called the Denakil Alps) separate it from the Red Sea. Any water that comes into the plain evaporates there; no streams flow out from it. The Kobar Sink, a huge basin in the northern part of the

Grumiaux, Arthur, Baron

2005-03-06T18:27:00.000-08:00

Grumiaux studied at the Charleroi and Royal conservatories in Brussels and later with Georges Enescu in Paris. In 1939 he won the Vieuxtemps Prize, and a year later he became the first recipient of the Belgian government's Prix de Virtuosité. Shortly after his debut

Allende, Isabel

2005-03-06T18:00:00.000-08:00

Allende worked as a journalist in Chile until she was forced to flee to Venezuela after the assassination (1973) of her uncle, Chilean president Salvador Allende Gossens. In 1981 she began writing a letter to her terminally ill grandfather

Mcmanus, Rachel Louise

2005-03-05T00:48:00.000-08:00

McManus graduated from the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, before earning a nursing degree from the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing. Her long association with Columbia

Amicus Curiae

2005-03-04T23:24:00.000-08:00

An amicus curiae normally may not participate except by

Buldana

2005-03-04T15:28:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Buldhana, city, northern Maharashtra state, western India, on the Penganga River. Buldana is situated in the Buldana-Yeotmal plateau of the Deccan, at an elevation of 2,119 feet (646 m). Its climate is considerably cooler than that of most of the other communities of the Berar region. Primarily a regional administrative centre with little industry, it has several colleges affiliated with the

Yaizu

2005-03-03T14:44:00.000-08:00

City, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the west coast of Suruga Bay. Since the Tokugawa era (1603–1867), Yaizu has been one of the important coastal fishing ports for tuna, bonito, skipjack, and mackerel. Canning and freezing plants operate there. Deep-sea fishing developed in the early 20th century. Pop. (1989 est.) 111,728.

Bradbury, Ray

2005-03-03T03:48:00.000-08:00

Bradbury published his first story in 1940 and was soon contributing widely to magazines. His first book of short stories, Dark Carnival (1947), was followed by The Martian

Arupa-loka

2005-03-02T15:03:00.000-08:00

In arupa-loka, existence depends on the stage

Ba'qubah

2005-03-02T14:31:00.000-08:00

Town, east-central Iraq. Located on the Diyala River and on a road and a rail line between Baghdad and Iran, it is a regional trade centre for agricultural produce and livestock. The name comes from the Aramaic Baya 'quba, meaning “Jacob's house.” The town is located on the site of a settlement dating back to pre-Islamic times. Under the 'Abbasid caliphate, it was a prosperous town known

Sabas, Saint

2005-03-02T08:00:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Sabbas Christian Palestinian monk, champion of orthodoxy in the 5th-century controversies over the nature of Christ. He founded the monastery known as the Great Laura of Mar Saba, a renowned community of contemplative monks in the Judaean desert near Jerusalem. This community became a prototype

Tivoli

2005-03-02T07:50:00.000-08:00

The park was opened in 1843 by the writer-architect

Paulownia Sun, Order Of The

2005-03-01T22:49:00.000-08:00

The badge, suspended from a green

Saar River

2005-02-28T00:05:00.000-08:00

French Sarre, right-bank tributary of the Moselle (German Mosel) River. It flows for 153 mi (246 km) across northeastern France into Germany and drains an area of 2,800 sq mi (7,300 sq km). Rising at the foot of Donon (mountain) in the northern Vosges (mountains), the river flows generally northward to its confluence with the Mosel at Konz, 6 mi southwest of Trier. Within Germany the Saar flows in meanders (which

Toprakkala

2005-02-27T15:42:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Topraq-qal'ah, or Toprak Kale, site of a Khwarezmian walled city near modern Dashhowuz in Uzbekistan. The city was inhabited from about the 1st century BC until the 6th century AD, a period during which Khwarezm was an independent feudal state. A palace at Toprakkala, which may have been the capital of that state, contained lifelike paintings and sculptures executed in a style reflecting the influence

Saint-barthélemy

2005-02-27T10:16:00.000-08:00

Also called Saint Bart's, island at the northern end of the Windward group of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It constitutes a commune and, together with Saint Martin, forms an arrondissement of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France. The island is 120 miles (200 km) north of Guadeloupe island. It is 11 miles (17.5 km) long and 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, with an area of 8 square miles (21 square km). The island is both

Ta Hsüeh

2005-02-26T10:26:00.000-08:00

Ta hsüeh states that world peace is impossible unless a ruler first regulates

Genesee

2005-02-25T00:33:00.000-08:00

County, northwestern New York state, U.S., located in a lowland region with several swamps, midway between Buffalo and Rochester. It is drained by Tonawanda, Oak Orchard, and Oatka creeks. The major forest types are oak and hickory. Public lands include Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge and Darien Lakes State Park; Tonawanda Indian Reservation is in the northwestern

Heidelberg, University Of

2005-02-24T14:19:00.000-08:00

German in full Ruprecht-karl-universität Heidelberg, state-supported institution of higher learning at Heidelberg, Ger. Modelled on the University of Paris, it was founded in 1386 by the elector Rupert I and, like other German universities, was endowed by a foundation of colleges. The first was the college of the Cistercian order (1389); the first secular college was founded in 1390 by the university chancellor. During the 17th and 18th centuries,

Sayyid

2005-02-24T04:25:00.000-08:00

In Pakistan and India

Bearberry

2005-02-23T08:50:00.000-08:00

Also called Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), flowering, prostrate, evergreen shrubs, of the heath family (Ericaceae), occurring widely throughout North America in rocky and sandy woods and open areas. It has woody stems that are often 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 feet) long. Roots develop from the stem joints, and the plant spreads, forming a broad, massive ground cover. The foliage turns

Jacksonville

2005-02-23T00:01:00.000-08:00

City, Morgan county, west-central Illinois, U.S. Laid out in 1825 as the county seat and named in honour of Andrew Jackson, it soon acquired a distinctive educational, institutional, and religious character, which it largely retains. Illinois College (founded there in 1829 and affiliated with the United Church of Christ) was the first in the state to graduate a college class. Other

Dubrovnik

2005-02-22T22:54:00.000-08:00

Italian Ragusa, port of Dalmatia in Croatia. Situated on the southern Adriatic coast, it is usually regarded as the most picturesque city on the Dalmatian coast. It occupies a promontory jutting into the sea under the bare limestone mass of Mount Srdj. The port's sea fortifications rise directly from the water's edge, and a massive round tower dominates the city on the landward

Interior Design

2005-02-22T05:17:00.000-08:00

The motifs of Eastern art are many and varied, such as the dragon (a ubiquitous and beneficent creature), the so-called

Jewel Cave National Monument

2005-02-21T04:19:00.000-08:00

The caverns consist of a series of chambers joined by narrow passages. They are noted for their jewel-like calcite crystals, including nailhead and dogtooth spar, which are found throughout the

Agreda, María De

2005-02-20T15:39:00.000-08:00

Her virtues and holy life were universally acknowledged, but controversy arose over her mystical writings, her political influence, and her missionary activities.

Cambridge Agreement

2005-02-20T09:13:00.000-08:00

(Aug. 26, 1629), pledge made in Cambridge, Eng., by English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company to emigrate to New England if the government of the colony could be transferred there. The company agreed to their terms, including transferral of the company charter. Control of the corporation was shifted to the signers of the agreement, and John Winthrop was appointed

Ennius, Quintus

2005-02-20T08:21:00.000-08:00

Because of the place of his birth, Ennius was

Arabic Literary Renaissance

2005-02-19T17:14:00.000-08:00

After the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt (1798) and the subsequent establishment of an autonomous and Western-minded ruling dynasty there, many Syrian and Lebanese writers sought out the freer environment of Egypt, making it

Fielding, Sir John

2005-02-18T20:13:00.000-08:00

John Fielding was blinded in an accident at the age of 19. Despite this handicap he was appointed a magistrate

Huxley, T.h.

2005-02-18T17:34:00.000-08:00

In full Thomas Henry Huxley English biologist, educator, and advocate of agnosticism (he coined the word). Huxley's vigorous public support of Charles Darwin's evolutionary naturalism earned him the nickname “Darwin's bulldog,” while his organizational efforts, public lectures, and writing helped elevate the place of science in modern

Ruysdael, Salomon Van

2005-02-18T11:29:00.000-08:00

Originally named de Goyer, as was his brother Isaak (also a painter and the father of Jacob van Ruisdael), Salomon entered the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1628. His first dated pictures are from 1627. He spent his whole life in Haarlem,

Plasma, Extraterrestrial forms

2005-02-17T16:55:00.000-08:00

It has been suggested that the universe originated as a violent explosion about 10 billion years ago and initially consisted of a fireball of completely ionized hydrogen plasma. Irrespective of the truth of this, there is little matter in the universe now that does not exist in the plasma state. The observed stars are composed of plasmas, as are interstellar and interplanetary

General Confederation Of Labourworkers' Force

2005-02-16T21:35:00.000-08:00

French Confédération Générale du Travail–Force Ouvrière (CGT–FO), French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar civil servants and clerical workers. It was formed in 1948 after a split within the General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail, or CGT). In 1947 the socialist minority withdrew from the CGT after communists had gained control of the federation's leadership apparatus. The

Ligand Field Theory

2005-02-16T19:33:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, one of several theories that describe the electronic structure of coordination or complex compounds, notably transition metal complexes, which consist of a central metal atom surrounded by a group of electron-rich atoms or molecules called ligands. The ligand field theory deals with the origins and consequences of metal– ligand interactions as

Islamic World, The second fitnah

2005-02-15T22:13:00.000-08:00

The second fitnah followed Mu'awiyah's caliphate (661–680), which itself was not free from strife, and coincided with the caliphates of Mu'awiyah's son Yazid I (ruled 680–683), whom he designated as successor, and Yazid's three successors. This fitnah was a second-generation reprise of the first; some of the personnel of the former were descendants or relatives of the leaders of the latter. Once

Qamishli, Al-

2005-02-15T07:13:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Qamishliye, town in northeastern Syria. It lies along the Turkish border. The border divides the Syrian town of Al-Qamishli from the Turkish town of Nusaybin. The town was founded in 1926 as a station on the Taurus railway. Its mixed population increased with influxes of Armenian, Assyrian Christian, and Kurdish refugees from Turkey and Iraq. The town also has Sunnite Muslims, Syriac-speaking

Yüeh Fei

2005-02-14T22:03:00.000-08:00

In 1126 North China was overrun by the nomadic Juchen and the Sung capital at K'ai-feng taken. The former emperor Hui-tsung, who had abdicated in 1125/26, together with his son, the emperor Ch'in-tsung (reigned 1125/26–27), was carried into captivity. Another son of Hui-tsung, later known as Kao-tsung (reigned

Insurance, General average clause

2005-02-14T06:29:00.000-08:00

The general average clause in ocean marine insurance obligates the insurers of various interests to share the cost of losses incurred voluntarily to save the voyage from complete destruction. Such sacrifices must be made voluntarily, must be necessary, and must be successful. For example, if a shipper's cargo is voluntarily jettisoned in a storm in order to save

Axis Powers

2005-02-13T22:06:00.000-08:00

The coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied Powers in World War II. The alliance originated in a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, followed by the proclamation of an “axis” binding Rome and Berlin (Oct. 25, 1936) and then by the German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union (Nov. 25, 1936). The connection was strengthened by a full

Bahmani Sultanate

2005-02-12T09:21:00.000-08:00

The Bahmani sultanate's

Athletics, Modern development

2005-02-12T01:50:00.000-08:00

The development of the modern sport, however, has come only since the early 19th century. Organized amateur footraces were held in England as early as 1825, but it was from 1860 that athletics enjoyed its biggest surge to that date. In 1861 the West London Rowing Club organized the first meet open to all amateurs, and in 1866 the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) was founded and conducted the first

Jewelry

2005-02-11T19:33:00.000-08:00

It is probable that prehistoric

Clovis I

2005-02-11T00:11:00.000-08:00

Clovis was the son

Chuang-tzu

2005-02-10T15:16:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Zhuangzi, personal name (Wade-Giles romanization) Chou the most significant of China's early interpreters of Taoism, whose work (Chuang-tzu) is considered one of the definitive texts of Taoism and is thought to be more comprehensive than the Tao-te Ching, which is attributed to Lao-tzu, the first major patriarch of Taoism. Chuang-tzu's teachings also exerted a great influence on the development of Chinese Buddhism and had

Vote

2005-02-10T14:45:00.000-08:00

In politics and government, a formal expression of opinion or will that indicates approval or disapproval of a proposal, motion, or candidate for office. See election.

Argentina, The Pampas

2005-02-09T22:20:00.000-08:00

Pampa is a Quechua Indian term meaning “flat surface.” As such it is widely used in southeastern South America from Uruguay, where grass-covered plains commence south of the Brazilian Highlands, to Argentina. In Argentina the Pampas broaden out west of the Río de la Plata to meet the Andean forelands, blending imperceptibly to the north with the Chaco Austral and southern

Mughal Glass

2005-02-08T23:57:00.000-08:00

Bottles, hookah bowls, dishes, and spittoons

Kirkwall

2005-02-08T23:29:00.000-08:00

Royal burgh (town), seaport, and chief town of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, off the northern tip of the Scottish mainland. It was designated a royal burgh in 1486. Early Norse influence persisted as late as the building of the 12th-century red sandstone St. Magnus Cathedral, a dominant feature of the present town. The ruins of the Earl's Palace and 17th-century houses standing gable-end

MaleLine

Earthenware

Sachs, (ferdinand Gustav) Julius Von

Qabis

Lennoaceae

Wells-barnett, Ida Bell

Polo, Marco

Qantas Airways Limited

France, History Of, The grandsons of Clovis

Bahram Ii

Frederick Ii

Interest

Madinat Habu

Roberts, Sir Charles G(eorge) D(ouglas)

Selayar

Antanaclasis

Buraq

Gu

Zealand

Accordion

Bloembergen, Nicolaas

Mitchell, Mount

Syrian Chant

Aerospace Industry, Maintenance

Aligarh

Novial

Abductor Muscle

Devonian Period

Claudius

Gath

China, Nan (Southern) Sung (11271279)

Conner, Mount

Southwest National Park

Production Function

Nacka

Spain, Music

Hymenium

Platonism

Lorengau

Forbush Effect

Gandak River

Dandruff

Devonian Period

Environmental Works, Developments in supply systems

Aumale, Henri-eugène-philippe-louis D'orléans, Duke (duc) D'

Altair

Attention

Lophophyllum

Cosmogony

Hippogriff

Zagwe Dynasty

Rus

Denakil Plain

Grumiaux, Arthur, Baron

Allende, Isabel

Mcmanus, Rachel Louise

Amicus Curiae

Buldana

Yaizu

Bradbury, Ray

Arupa-loka

Ba'qubah

Sabas, Saint

Tivoli

Paulownia Sun, Order Of The

Saar River

Toprakkala

Saint-barthélemy

Ta Hsüeh

Genesee

Heidelberg, University Of

Sayyid

Bearberry

Jacksonville

Dubrovnik

Interior Design

Jewel Cave National Monument

Agreda, María De

Cambridge Agreement

Ennius, Quintus

China, Nan (Southern) Sung (11271279)

General Confederation Of Labourworkers' Force